A convolutional encoder is a discrete linear time-invariant system.
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Vector control accordingly generates a three-phase coordinate time invariant system.
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When the variable is time, they are also called time-invariant systems.
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Consider a linear, time-invariant system with transfer function H ( s ).
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It turns out in general that not all reparametrisation-invariant systems can be deparametrized.
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Convolutions play an important role in the study of time-invariant systems, and especially LTI system theory.
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In the context of applied mathematics, semigroups arise as the output of a linear time-invariant system.
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In the case of a linear time invariant system, this can be simplified to finding the rank of the " observability matrix ".
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The same result is true of discrete-time linear shift-invariant systems in which signals are discrete-time samples, and convolution is defined on sequences.
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Topics explored are emergence, collective behavior, local activity and its impact on global behavior, and quantifying the complexity of an approximately spatial and topologically invariant system.